In addition to these upper respiratory tract syndromes, rhinovirus infection has also been associated with lower respiratory tract symptoms. It is widely accepted that rhinovirus is an important cause of asthma exacerbations in school-aged children. Rhinovirus also appears to play a role in exacerbations of cystic fibrosis in children and of chronic bronchitis in adults.
The potential role of rhinovirus infections as a cause of pneumonia in immunocompetent children or immunocompromised patients is more controversial. This preferential growth at lower temperature has long been cited to suggest that rhinovirus might not infect the lower airways. This concept was supported by early studies demonstrating that infection was more readily produced when virus was administered by intranasal drops than by aerosol.
More-recent studies have established that, under experimental conditions, rhinovirus can replicate in the lower respiratory tract, but the frequency of lower tract involvement during natural infection remains unknown. A potential role for rhinovirus as a cause of lower respiratory tract infections is also supported by detection of rhinovirus by either culture or polymerase chain reaction PCR in several studies of children with lower respiratory tract disease [ 6 ]—[ 8 ].
Whether the rhinovirus is a primary cause of the lower respiratory tract disease in these children or whether rhinovirus infection of the upper respiratory tract predisposes to bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract remains unsettled. The study by Miller et al. The reported frequency of infection, seasonal pattern of incidence, and association of infection with wheezing and asthma exacerbation are consistent with previous reports.
In contrast, the frequent association of rhinovirus with fever, pneumonia, gastrointestinal symptoms, or sepsis in this study is a distinct departure from the previous concept of rhinovirus as a common cold virus. The conclusion that these clinical syndromes were caused by rhinovirus should be approached with caution. Recent prospective cohort studies using sensitive diagnostic techniques for detection of infection have expanded our understanding of rhinovirus infection in infants and children.
Two studies evaluated the incidence of infection during respiratory illnesses and at intermittent visits for routine care in the first 2 years of life [ 10 , 11 ]. These studies reported the incidence of infection in this age group to be 0.
Ten to twenty-three percent of the infections in these studies were detected in infants judged to be asymptomatic. Rhinovirus was detected by PCR for 1—3 weeks around each infection.
In light of the prevalence of rhinovirus infection in the pediatric population, incidental detection of virus during an unassociated hospitalization may occur with some frequency. As noted by Miller et al. Another consideration in evaluating the results of this study is the possibility that rhinovirus infection may predispose to infection with bacterial pathogens.
In some people, it can cause a mild fever, and may also lead to ear infections or sinus infections. In babies and young children, lung problems such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia sometimes develop. Rhinovirus spreads easily from one person to another.
And since rhinovirus can live on surfaces for a while, anything that has been touched by the infected person — clothes, toys, utensils, furniture — can also transmit the virus. Providers usually diagnose rhinovirus by taking a medical history and doing a physical exam.
If illness is severe, the provider may choose to verify the diagnosis by testing a sample of mucus. As with many other viruses, treatment for rhinovirus usually means managing the symptoms until the infection clears. However, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or other complications of rhinovirus infection may require medication and monitoring.
Disclaimer: The contents of this website are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Rhinovirus Infections. Page Content. What happens when a child gets a cold? What can I do to help my child feel better? When should I call my child's doctor? Call the doctor if your older child has symptoms such as: Lips or nails that turn blue Noisy or difficult breathing A cough that doesn't get better See Why Does My Child Have a Chronic Cough Very tired Ear pain, which may mean that your child has an ear infection How can I tell when my child has a cold?
How can I treat my child's rhinovirus infection? What can I do to keep my child from getting a rhinovirus infection? Keep infants younger than 3 months away from children or adults who have colds. Additional Information from HealthyChildren. The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician.
There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. Follow Us. Back to Top.
Chronic Conditions. Common Surgical Procedures. Developmental Disabilities. Emotional Problems. Rhinoviruses can also trigger asthma attacks and have been linked to sinus and ear infections. Other viruses that can cause colds include respiratory syncytial virus , human parainfluenza viruses , adenovirus , common human coronaviruses , and human metapneumovirus.
The flu, which is caused by influenza viruses, also spreads and causes illness around the same time as the common cold. Because these two illnesses have similar symptoms, it can be difficult or even impossible to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone.
Flu can also have very serious complications. CDC recommends a yearly flu vaccination as the first and best way to prevent the flu. If you get the flu, antiviral drugs may be a treatment option. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. CDC Features. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others.
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