Children "Children are the world's most valuable resource and its best hope for the future. Civil Service "I have pledged myself and my colleagues in the cabinet to a continuous encouragement of initiative, responsibility and energy in serving the public interest.
Economics "Rising tide lifts all boats". Goals, National "For one true measure of a nation is its success in fulfilling the promise of a better life for each of its members. History "A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces but also by the men it honors, the men it remembers. Idealism " Inaugural Address full speech "Ask not what your country can do for you But let us never fear to negotiate.
Jefferson "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone. Navy "I can imagine a no more rewarding career. Perseverance " Political Courage "Today the challenge of political courage looms larger than ever before. Republicans "We have all seen these circus elephants complete with tusks, ivory in their head and thick skins, who move around the circus ring and grab the tail of the elephant ahead of them.
Responsibility, Collective "Let us not despair but act. Responsibility, Personal "When at some future date the high court of history sits in judgment on each of us The Sea "I really don't know why it is that all of us are so committed to the sea, except I think it's because in addition to the fact that the sea changes, and the light changes, and ships change, it's because we all came from the sea.
Space "We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. Students "No country can possibly move ahead, no free society can possibly be sustained, unless it has an educated citizenry whose qualities of mind and heart permit it to take part in the complicated and increasingly sophisticated decisions that pour not only upon the President and upon the Congress, but upon all the citizens who exercise the ultimate power Identifier Accession.
Rights Access Status. Relation Is Part Of Desc. Subject Geog. Type Category. Format Medium. Format Media Type. Creator Maker. Language ISO Type ARC. Title Folder. Rights Copyright Status. Relation Container Digid.
Rights Access Restrictions. Rights Access Restriction Note. Subseries Name. Series Name. Description Historical Note. Subject Organization. Subject Person. End Date. Start Date. Subject Geog Full Text. Description Place Made. Provenance Gifter. Title Item Name. Source Full Text. Contributor Full Text. Subject Organization Full Text. Subject Person Full Text. Object Type. And yet how to do this effectively continues to be our common challenge. We have spent decades talking about the importance of gender equality.
And while we talk, the situation of women and girls inside Syria, and in the countries neighbouring it is at risk of further deterioration. We know that refugee female headed households not sharing resources with other households are those most vulnerable to food insecurity. We know that gender based violence and violence against women continues to destroy the lives of women and girls across the region, and prolonged displacement will deepen and exacerbate this.
And as our interventions shift—rightly so—to those that build resilience through the provision of assets, skills, jobs, dignity and protection, if we do not take special measures to target and include women in resilience and stabilization efforts women are at risk of being further left behind.
While women are central to community resilience and spend 90 per cent of their income on the family, data demonstrates that women are more reliant on humanitarian assistance then men due to barriers they face in accessing income generating opportunities. If we are investing in community resilience we must invest in women, this is the smart strategy and it does not happen without vigilance and targeted strategies to ensure women are direct beneficiaries of this approach. Recent research has tied high testosterone levels to an appetite for risk taking.
On days when traders began with higher levels of testosterone, they made riskier trades. When those trades paid off, their testosterone levels surged further. One trader saw his testosterone level rise 74 percent over a six-day winning streak. In research conducted at University College London, women who were given testosterone were less able to collaborate, and wrong more often.
And several studies of female hedge-fund managers show that taking the longer view and trading less can pay off: investments run by female hedge-fund managers outperform those run by male managers.
So what are the implications of all this? The essential chicken-and-egg question still to be answered is to what extent these differences between men and women are inherent, and to what extent they are a result of life experiences. The answer is far from clear-cut, but new work on brain plasticity is generating growing evidence that our brains do change in response to our environment.
Even hormone levels may be less preordained than one might suppose: researchers have found that testosterone levels in men decline when they spend more time with their children. School is where many girls are first rewarded for being good, instead of energetic, rambunctious, or even pushy. They have longer attention spans, more-advanced verbal and fine-motor skills, and greater social adeptness.
Soon they learn that they are most valuable, and most in favor, when they do things the right way: neatly and quietly. And yet the result is that many girls learn to avoid taking risks and making mistakes. This is to their detriment: many psychologists now believe that risk taking, failure, and perseverance are essential to confidence-building. Boys, meanwhile, tend to absorb more scolding and punishment, and in the process, they learn to take failure in stride.
Complicating matters, she told us, girls and boys get different patterns of feedback. Boys also benefit from the lessons they learn—or, more to the point, the lessons they teach one another—during recess and after school. Similarly, on the sports field, they learn not only to relish wins but also to flick off losses.
Too many girls, by contrast, miss out on really valuable lessons outside of school. We all know that playing sports is good for kids, but we were surprised to learn just how extensive the benefits are, and how relevant to confidence.
Learning to own victory and survive defeat in sports is apparently good training for owning triumphs and surviving setbacks at work. And yet, despite Title IX, fewer girls than boys participate in athletics, and many who do quit early. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, girls are still six times as likely as boys to drop off sports teams, with the steepest decline in participation coming during adolescence.
This is probably because girls suffer a larger decrease in self-esteem during that time than do boys. What a vicious circle: girls lose confidence, so they quit competing, thereby depriving themselves of one of the best ways to regain it. They leave school crammed full of interesting historical facts and elegant Spanish subjunctives, proud of their ability to study hard and get the best grades, and determined to please. The requirements for adult success are different, and their confidence takes a beating.
Consider the following tale of two employees. Our friend often found herself shooting down his ideas, correcting his misperceptions, and sending him off for further research. Rebecca still made appointments to speak with her and always prepared a list of issues for their discussions.
She was mostly quiet in meetings with clients, focused as she was on taking careful notes. She never blurted out her ideas; she wrote them up with comprehensive analyses of pros and cons. She admired his willingness to be wrong and his ability to absorb criticism without being discouraged.
Rebecca, by contrast, took negative feedback hard, sometimes responding with tears and a trip to her own office to collect herself before the conversation could continue. Which is why any discussion of this subject requires a major caveat. The more a woman succeeds, the worse the vitriol seems to get. Back at the Yale School of Management, Victoria Brescoll has tested the thesis that the more senior a woman is, the more she makes a conscious effort to play down her volubility—the reverse of how most men handle power.
In the first of two experiments, she asked participants, both men and women, to imagine themselves as either the most senior figure or the most junior figure in a meeting.
The result: both sexes viewed this woman as significantly less competent and less suited to leadership than a male CEO who talked for the same amount of time. When the female CEO was described as talking less than others, her perceived competency shot up.
So confident women can find themselves in a catch For now, though, for Rebecca and for most women, coming across as too confident is not the problem. When we embarked on this quest two years ago, we had a slight conflict of interest. As journalists, we were exhilarated by the puzzle of why high-achieving women were so lacking in confidence, but as women, we grew gloomy.
Delving into research and interviews, we more than once found ourselves wondering whether the entire female sex was doomed to feel less than self-assured. But as our understanding of this elusive quality shifted, we began to see the outlines of a remedy.
Confidence is not, as we once believed, just feeling good about yourself. Perhaps the clearest, and most useful, definition of confidence we came across was the one supplied by Richard Petty, a psychology professor at Ohio State University, who has spent decades focused on the subject.
Anger, intelligence, creativity can play a role. It is the factor that turns thoughts into judgments about what we are capable of, and that then transforms those judgments into action. The simplicity is compelling, and the notion that confidence and action are interrelated suggests a virtuous circle. So confidence accumulates—through hard work, through success, and even through failure. He was testing a couple of things—the idea that confidence can be manipulated and the idea that, in some areas, women have less of it than men.
When Estes had the students solve a series of these spatial puzzles, the women scored measurably worse than the men did. So he repeated the experiment, this time telling the students they had to at least try to solve all the puzzles.
Yet also hopeful. Using a different test, Estes asked everyone to answer every question. Both the men and the women got 80 percent right, suggesting identical ability levels.
He then tested the students again and asked them, after each question, to report their confidence in their answer. Just having to think about whether they felt certain of their answer changed their ability to do well. Finally, Estes decided to attempt a direct confidence boost. He told some members of the group, completely at random, that they had done very well on the previous test. On the next test they took, those men and women improved their scores dramatically. It was a clear measure of how confidence can be self-perpetuating.
These results could not be more relevant to understanding the confidence gap, and figuring out how to close it. They were as able as the men were.
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